VANADIUM PRODUCTS
VANADIUM TRIOXIDE, VANADIUM PENTOXIDE, AMMONIUM METAVANADATE, CHLORINATED VANADIUM PRODUCT, FERROVANADIUM, SOLUTION OF VANADIUM, VANADIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLE, VANADIUM NITRIDE
Vanadium derives its name from the Scandinavian Norse goddess of beauty, Vanadis and was discoverd in 1801 by Andres Manuel del Rio & isolated in 1867 by Henry Roscoe. The element was rediscovered in 1867 by Nils Sefstrôm. The Vanadium is a hard silver-grey metal in the pure state. Only Vanadium is the 20th most abundantly found element on earth & is a constituent of about 65 minerals. All the more, Vanadium in solution form exhibits the following oxidation states & colors: +5, +4, +3, +2, as below :
Due to this unique property vanadium can combine with nearly all non-metals and afford important compounds of diverse application Vanadium & its compounds are used as alloying agent for steel & also in chemical catalysis, apart from others. Simply Vanadium alloys are durable in extreme temperature & environments, and corrosion-resistant. Adding vanadium to steel & reinforcing bars (used in construction of buildings, tunnels, bridges etc.) improves their tensile strength.
When added to titanium, vanadium helps to create alloys with the best strength-to-weight ratio of any engineered material on earth & thus used to make lighter, fuel-efficient automobiles, space-crafts, air-crafts, defence equipments etc. Ordinarily Vanadium-containing alloys of titanium & aluminium are used today in virtually every jet aircrafts and used in jet engine component from jet engine components & airframes.
WE OFFER VANADIUM PRODUCTS FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS
PENTOXIDE
TRIOXIDE
METAVANADATE
VANADIUM
PRODUCTS
OF
VANADIUM
DIOXIDE
NANOPARTICLES
NITRIDE
PENTOXIDE
Vanadium Pentoxide For VRFBs, Chemical Industry
VANADIUM in VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
A Marval For Energy Storage and Important Catalyst For The Chemical Industry.
Wind & sun are renewable energy sources. Turbines & photovoltaic cells cannot be switched on & off at will. The energy generated during blowing of wind or availability of sunshine, needs to be stored for supply to grid or other uses and this affords predictability of energy.Fossil & nuclear fuels supply electricity in a controllable manner to balance the electrical grid. A Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) is an important, large-scale & reliable storage device for this energy.
VRFB can absorb and release large amounts of electricity instantaneously and can do this function repeatedly without loss of efficiency. The VRFB can store large amount of energy when there are high winds & strong sunlight; and can be released later when there is a demand. VRFB is an economical & scalable option to achieve the above goals.
Three components are required for working of a VRFB; a stack to generate electricity & 2 tanks which store the Vanadium solutions in different oxidation states. Vanadium has 4 oxidation states and all 4 exhibit different colors:
This allows for a redox reaction to take place enabling storage & generation of energy. The Vanadium liquids are pumped from external tanks to the stack, wherein the redox reaction takes place; generating energy. The bigger the tanks the more energy can be stored. Supersaturated solutions can also be prepared and used. VRFB has been produced with capacities like1.5 Megawatt, 200 KW, 250 KW, 170 KW, 100 KW, 2-, 5-, 10- KWs.
VRFB is an excellent solution for providing powder back up in houses and factories, mobile phone towers etc. As an example: “Sumitomo Electric will begin constructing the 17MW / 51MWh vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) system on the island of Hokkaido capable of storing energy for three hours and connected to the wind farm.
Another example of the ever increasing potential of VRFBs is the establishment of Dalian Flow Battery Energy Storage Peak-shaving Power Station, in Dalian in northeast China. This facility has just been connected to the grid, & be operational by October 2022 & is one of the largest in the world.
The VRFB set up currently has a capacity of 100 MW/400 MWh, which would eventually be expanded to 200 MW/800 MWh.
According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who helped develop the project, it can supply enough electricity to meet the daily demands of 200,000 residents.
These VRFBs will be used to smooth peaks & troughs in Dalian’s electricity demand and supply, making it easier to use solar and wind power.
In yet another example of commercialization of VRFB is the establishment of Australia’s first & largest flow battery of 2 MW/8 MWh being developed in South Australia, at Yadlamalka near Port Augusta.
https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/flow-battery-china/?amp=1
Vanadium oxides, chlorides, complexes & heteropoly salts are also active catalysts.
A Vanadium Pentoxide has an orthorhombic crystalline structure, which increases its chemical reactivity.
The Vanadium Pentoxide isused with/without additives for oxidation reactions as follows:
- It oxidises SO2 to SO3 in the Contact Process in presence of oxygen at about 4500C at about 1-2 atm, facilitating the manufacture of oleum or sulphuric acid.
- Oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde.
- Used in production of Phthalic Anhydride, Maleic Anhydride, Adipic Acid, Acrylic Acid, Anthraquinone, Oxalic Acid, Polyester, Alkyd Resins etc.
- Used in rubber synthesis, petroleum cracking & organic compounds.
- Used in manufacture of various alloys.
- Benfield & Stretford Gas Processing
- Dyes & Dye Fixates
- Vitamins
- Due to its high coefficient of thermal resistance, Vanadium Pentoxide finds use as a detector material in bolometers and microbolometer arrays for thermal imaging. It also finds application as an ethanol sensor in ppm levels.
Appearance : Yellow-orange powder
Melting Point : 6900C. Bulk density : 1.2-1.3 g/cc.
Specific gravity : About 3.4 Particle Size : Below 850 µm
| No. | Tests | Specifications Highly pure – Granular | Specifications Technical Grade |
| 1 | Vanadium as V2O5 (%) | Minimum 99.6 | Minimum 99.2 |
| 2 | V2O4 (%) | Maximum 0.5 | – |
| 3 | Iron (%) | Maximum 0.02 | Maximum 0.04 |
| 4 | Molybdenum (%) | Maximum 0.025 | – |
| 5 | Potassium (%) | Maximum 0.01 | Maximum 0.015 |
| 6 | Sodium (%) | Maximum 0.01 | Maximum 0.025 |
| 7 | Silicon (%) | Maximum 0.01 | Maximum 0.015 |
TRIOXIDE
Vanadium Trioxide (V2O3)
Vanadium Trioxide, V2O3, is used to produce Ferrovanadium, Vanadium Nitride, Aerospace grade of Vanadium Aluminium etc. Vanadium Trioxide is used as an electrolyte in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB). Its orthorhombic crystalline structure ensures an increase in chemical reactivity.
SPECIFICATIONS OF VANADIUM TRIOXIDE
Appearance : Black powder
Melting Point : 19700C. Bulk density : 1.2-1.3 g/cc. Specific gravity : About 4.8
Particle Size : Below 850 µm
| No. | Tests | Specifications |
| 1 | Vanadium as V2O5 (%) | Minimum 119.5 |
| 2 | V2O4 (%) | Maximum 0.5 |
| 3 | Iron (%) | Maximum 0.03 |
| 4 | Molybdenum (%) | Maximum 0.05 |
| 5 | Potassium (%) | Maximum 0.015 |
| 6 | Sodium (%) | Maximum 0.02 |
| 7 | Silicon (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
Vanadium Trioxide is a cheap source of vanadium for tool steel manufacture has the following specifications:
Vanadium as V : Minimum 67 %w/w
Phosphorus as P : Maximum 0.03 % w/w
METAVANADATE
AMMONIUM METAVANADATE (AMV)
Ammonium metavanadate amv, (NH4VO3), is used in the chemical industry as catalyst, Benfield & Stretford gas processing, dyes, dye fixatives etc. Its an intermediate in the productions of V2O3 and V2O5.
SPECIFICATIONS OF AMMONIUM METAVANDATE
Appearance : Ivory to straw-brown powder
Melting Range : 1800C (Dec.) Bulk density : 1.2-1.3 g/cc. Specific gravity : 2.33
Particle Size : Below 850 µm
| No. | Tests | Specifications |
| 1 | Vanadium as V2O5 (%) | Minimum 77.0 |
| Ammonium Metavanadate (%) (calculated from content of V) | Minimum 99.0 | |
| 2 | Carbonate (%) | Maximum 0.3 |
| 3 | Chloride (%) | Maximum 0.2 |
| 4 | Iron (%) | Maximum 0.013 |
| 5 | Molybdenum (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
| 6 | Potassium (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
| 7 | Sodium (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
| 8 | Silicon (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
VANADIUM
PRODUCTS
CHLORINATED VANADIUM
Chlorinated Vanadium Products : Vanadium oxychloride, Vanadium tetrachloride, Vanadium oxychloride + Titanium Tetrachloride Mix.
CHLORINATED VANADIUM PRODUCTS
Chlorinated Vanadium Oxychloride
- VOCl3, is used as catalyst in the production of EPDM rubber
- Mix of VOCl3 & TiCl4 is used as catalyst in production of polyethylene
SPECIFICATIONS OF VANADIUM OXYCHLORIDE
Appearance : Yellow liquid.
Color: Typical- 9 on Gardner Scale; Maximum-10 on Gardner Scale
Boiling Point : 1260C Freezing Point : -770C
Bulk density : 1826.1 kg/m3Specific gravity : 1.82 g/cc
| No. | Tests | Specifications |
| 1 | Total Vanadium (%) | 29.1 – 29.7 |
| 2 | Vanadium (V+4) (%) | Maximum 0.03 |
| 3 | Chloride (%) | 60.2- 62.0 |
| 4 | Aluminium (%) | Maximum 0.003 |
| 5 | Copper (%) | Maximum 0.001 |
| 6 | Iron (%) | Maximum 0.008 |
| 7 | Manganese (%) | Maximum 0.001 |
| 8 | Molybdenum (%) | Maximum 0.005 |
| 9 | Nickel (%) | Maximum 0.001 |
Chlorinated Vanadium Tetrachloride
- VCl4, is used as catalyst in production of EPDM rubber
- Used in production of Titanium alloy powders
SPECIFICATIONS OF VANADIUM TETRACHLORIDE
Appearance : Opaque reddish brown liquid.
VCl4, slowly decomposes to form Cl2 gas and VCl3 solids. The decomposition rate is temperature dependent & thus used within 6 months from manufacturing date &should not be exposed to high temperature or sunlight.
Boiling Range : 152.3-154.70C Freezing Point : -280C
Bulk density : 1826.1 kg/m3Specific gravity : 1.82 g/cc
| No. | Tests | Specifications |
| 1 | Total Vanadium (%) | 25.7 – 26.9 |
| 2 | Vanadium (V+5) (%) | Maximum 0.05 |
| 4 | Aluminium (%) | Maximum 0.003 |
| 5 | Copper (%) | Maximum 0.001 |
| 6 | Iron (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
| 7 | Manganese (%) | Maximum 0.001 |
| 8 | Molybdenum (%) | Maximum 0.004 |
| 9 | Nickel (%) | Maximum 0.003 |
Chlorinated Vanadium Oxychloride + Titanium Tetrachloride Mix
Blends available : (80:20) ; (50:50) ; (65:35)
- Used as catalyst in production of polyethylene
SPECIFICATIONS OF VANADIUM OXYCHLORIDE + TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE MIX (80:20)
Appearance : Yellow liquid.
Boiling Point : 1260C Freezing Point : -500C
Specific gravity : 1.81 g/cc Viscosity: 0.79 cps at 250C
| No. | Tests | Specifications |
| 1 | Vanadium (V+5) (%) | 23.2-23.8 |
| 2 | VOCl3 (%) | 79.0-81.0 |
| 3 | TiCl4 (%) | 19.0-21.0 |
BLENDS of 50:50 & 65:35 ALSO AVAILABLE
80% FERROVANADIUM
80% Ferrovanadium is used in strengthening & hardening of high-strength steels, tool steels, ferrous-based materials etc.
SPECIFICATIONS
| Grades → | Regular | Low-Aluminium |
| Vanadium (%) | 75-85 | 75-85 |
| Aluminium (%) | Maximum 1.5 | Maximum 0.5 |
| Silicon (%) | Maximum 1.5 | Maximum 1.5 |
| Carbon (%) | Maximum 0.25 | Maximum 0.25 |
| Phosphorus (%) | Maximum 0.08 | Maximum 0.08 |
| Sulfur (%) | Maximum 0.08 | Maximum 0.08 |
OF
VANADIUM
VANADIUM SULFATE SOLUTION
- Used in catalytic removal of Sulfur in oil refining & other processes
SPECIFICATIONS OF VANADIUM SULFATE SOLUTION
Appearance: Dark blue viscous liquid
Specific gravity: 1.38-1.47 g/cc Bulk density: 1.35-1.47 kg/L
| No | Tests | Specifications |
| 1 | Total Vanadium (%) | 9-11 |
| 2 | Iron (%) | Maximum 0.15 |
| 3 | Potassium (%) | Maximum 0.1 |
| 4 | Sodium (%) | Maximum 0.15 |
Vanadate
Solution
SODIUM VANADATE SOLUTION
- Effective in converting H2S gas into S; thus removes H2S &/or CO2 from gases in the Stretford & Benfield process.
- Superior to Sodium Ammonium Metavanadate as Sodium Vanadate has higher Vanadium content for catalysis
- Low-chloride content
- Ammonia free
SPECIFICATIONS OF SODIUM VANADATE SOLUTION
Appearance: Straw-green colored liquid
Specific gravity: 1.20-1.25 g/cc Bulk density: 1.198-1.258 kg/L
| No | Tests | Specifications |
| 1 | Total Vanadium (%) | 8-10 |
| 2 | Iron (%) | Maximum 0.005 |
| 3 | Chloride (%) | Maximum 0.25 |
Vanadate
Solution
POTASSIUM METAVANADATE SOLUTION
- Corrosion inhibitor in Stretford & Benfield process
SPECIFICATIONS OF POTASSIUM METAVANADATE SOLUTION
Appearance: Light straw colored liquid
Specific gravity: 1.42-1.55 g/cc Bulk density: 1.294-1.546 kg/L
| No | Tests | Specifications |
| 1 | Vanadium as V2O3(%) | 13-17 |
| 2 | Potassium (%) | 23-30 |
| 3 | Chloride (%) | Maximum 0.02 |
| 4 | Aluminium (%) | Maximum 0.02 |
| 5 | Iron (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
Oxalate
Solution
VANADIUM OXALATE SOLUTION
- Catalyst in removal of Sulfur& Nitrogen during refining of oil etc.
SPECIFICATIONS OF VANADIUM OXALATE SOLUTION
Appearance: Dark blue liquid. Emits CO2 on decomposition.
Specific gravity : 1.1-1.8 g/cc Bulk density: 1.102-1.809 kg/L
| No | Tests | Specifications |
| 1 | Vanadium as V2O5(%) | 12-18 |
| 2 | Potassium (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
| 3 | Chloride (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
| 4 | Molybdenum (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
| 5 | Iron (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
| 6 | Sodium (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
| 7 | Silicon (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
| 8 | Ammonia (NH3) (%) | Maximum 0.01 |
(VRFBS)
Solution
VANADIUM REDOX BATTERY ELECTROYTE SOLUTION (For VRFBs)
- Used as electrolyte in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
SPECIFICATIONS OF VANADIUM REDOX BATTERY ELECTROYTE SOLUTION
Appearance: Blue-green viscous liquid
Specific gravity : 1.35-1.50 g/cc Bulk density: 1.354-1.498 kg/L
| No | Tests | Specifications |
| 1 | Total Vanadium (%) | 6-8 |
| 2 | Molarity of Vanadium | 1.7 |
| 3 | Vanadium Valence | Maximum 3.5 |
| 4 | Molarity of Sulfuric acid | 4-5 |
| 5 | Iron (%) | Maximum 0.03 |
DIOXIDE
NANOPARTICLES
NANO VANADIUM DIOXIDE
(Nano Crystalline Vanadium Dioxide)
Vanadium dioxide, VO2, has numerous potential applications in futuristic technologies. The largest one, at least in terms of surface area, is in glazing of windows & glass facades for making building structures energy-efficient.
This application is based on the fact that VO2 has thermochromic properties & that thin films and nanoparticle composites can transmit less solar energy above a certain “critical” temperature in the vicinity of room temperature than below this temperature. This implies that the demand on energy-guzzling air conditioner is lowered. The transmittance of visible light, on the other hand, is not influenced by temperature to a corresponding degree.
IUPAC Name: Vanadium (IV) oxide
Other names: Dioxovanadium
CAS No.: 12036-21-4
Molecular Formula: VO2
Molecular Weight: 82.94 g/mol
Specifications Of Vanadium Dioxide (Nanoparticles)
| No. | Tests | Specifications |
| 1 | Appearance | Dark, black-blue powder. |
| 2 | Phase | Monoclinic |
| 3 | X-Ray Diffraction | Strongest diffraction at 2θ = 27.80 |
| 3 | Shape, Diameter & Microstructure | Hierarchical spherical shape with diameters 3-8 μm. Microstructure shows nanoparticles in the range of 100-300 nm. |
| 4 | Solubility in water | Insoluble |
| 5 | Density (g/ cm3) | Approx. 4.56 |
| 6 | Flash point | Non-flammable |
| 7 | Moisture Content | Nil |
XRD Spectrum
NITRIDE
Vanadium Nitride Nanoparticles
Vanadium Nitride Nanoparticles
SPECIFICATIONS
| Formula | VN |
| CAS No. | 24646-85-3 |
| Molecular weight | 67.9482 g/mol |
| Appearance | Black powder |
| Apperance of particles in SEM | Spherical |
| Average Particle Size by XRD | 35 nm |
| Melting point | 20500C |
| Density | 6.13 g/cc |
